Before we get into the disease I will explain what a neuron is, where it is located and where is the problem with multiple sclerosis.
A neuron is the brain type of cell. It is unique in the sense that they do not replicate for most of our lives. Neurons are electrically excitable and are able to produce an electrical signal. Through this signals we are able to feel things ( vision, taste, smell, etc ) and move around.
This electrical signal is of paramount importance. If the electrical signal is delayed, sensation might be lost. The speed through which the signal is transmitted depends considerably on a sheath of fat that the neuron has, which is called a myelin sheath. When the myelin sheath is gone the speed at which the signal travels is slow. This is called demyelination.
Multiple sclerosis (abbreviated MS ) is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the central nervous system (CNS), leading to demyelination. It was described for the first time in 1835 by Jean-Martin Charcot.
MS has got a prevalence ranges between 2 and 150 per 100,000 depending on the country and the population. MS is five times more prevalent in cold climates -such as those found in the northern United States, Canada, and Europe- than in tropical regions. It is believed that there are currently about 250,000 to 350,000 people in the United States who have been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. This estimate suggests that approximately 200 new cases are diagnosed each week.
How does MS affect the brain?
MS affects oligodendrocytes ( these are support cells in the brain that help and nourish the neurons ) on areas of the brain and spinal cord known as the white matter. White matter cells carry signals between the grey matter areas, where the processing and signaling is done, and the rest of the body. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for creating and maintaining a fatty layer, known as the myelin sheath.
MS results in a thinning or complete loss of myelin and, less frequently, the cutting (transection) of the neuron's extensions or axons ( see picture ) . When the myelin is lost, the neurons can no longer effectively conduct their electrical signals.
The cause of MS remains unknown, but the most widely believed theory is the auto immune one. This is a result of the harm inflicted to the myelin sheaths by our own immune system. Other theories believe it is a metabolically dependent disease while others think that it might be caused by a virus ( Epstein Barr ). Finally, others believe that because it is virtually absent from the tropics, it might be dependant on a deficiency of vitamin D.
Signs and Symptoms of MS
MS presents with a variety of symptoms such as:
Changes in sensation (hypoesthesia)
Muscle weakness and spasms
Difficulty in moving
Coordination and balance dysfunctions (ataxia)
Speech (dysarthria) or swallowing (dysphagia) difficulty
Visual problems
Fatigue and pain syndromes
Bladder and bowel problems
Neuropathic pain, mostly on lower extremities ( pain is described as constant, boring, burning or tingling intensely)
Paraesthesias ( include pins and needles; tingling; shivering; burning pains; feelings of pressure; and areas of skin with heightened sensitivity to touch )
To notice, the first symptoms of the initial attacks (known as exacerbations or relapses) are often , mild (or asymptomatic), and will go away on their own . They are sometimes identified in retrospect once the diagnosis has been made based.The most common initial symptoms reported are: changes in sensation in the arms, legs or face, vision loss (optic neuritis), weakness, double vision, unsteadiness and balance problems.
How does a doctor diagnose MS?
Multiple sclerosis is said to be a clinical diagnosis, and one of exclusion. this means that your doctor will need to rule out other diseases before it can diagnose you with MS. It makes it then, difficult to diagnose MS in its early stages. For MS of type primary progressive, a slow progression of signs and symptoms over at least 6 months is required. In an effort to standarize the diagnosis of MS, the McDonald criteria is now being used. This integrates clinical, laboratory and radiologic data to increase the likelyhood of diagnosis ( http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/DiagnosticCriteria.html )
Clinical data alone may be sufficient for a diagnosis of MS, provided that the patient has had 2 or more attacks and has consistent abnormalities in physical exam.
Imaging studies usually consisit on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain and spine . MRI shows areas of demyelination ( are called lesions ) that appear as bright spots on the study. A substance, called Gadolinium, can be administered intravenously to highlight active plaques. This can provide the evidence of chronic disease needed for a definitive diagnosis of MS.
In order to get cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a doctor might need to perform a lumbar puncture on the patient's back. This fluid can provide evidence of chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. The CSF is also tested for oligoclonal bands, which are immunoglobulins ( defense chemicals the body generates ) found in 75% to 85% of people with definite MS (but also found in people with other diseases). Combined with MRI and clinical data, the presence of oligoclonal bands can help make a definite diagnosis of MS.
Stimulation of the optic nerve and other sensory nerves through visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), may show that the brain of a person with MS often responds less actively to it, so decreased activity on either test can reveal demyelination which may be otherwise asymptomatic.
Clinical subtypes of MS and disease progresion
The course of MS is difficult to predict because the disease may at times either be dormant or progress steadily.
The following subtypes have been described for MS ( See above diagram )
A. Relapsing-remitting: This describes the initial course of 85% to 90% of individuals with MS. This subtype is characterized by unpredictable periods of time with symptoms called "attacks" (relapses) followed by periods of months to years of relative symptom free time or with no new symptoms. The deficits suffered during the attacks may either resolve or may be permanent. When deficits always resolve between attacks, this is referred to as benign MS.
B. Secondary progressive: This describes the course of around 80% of those initially diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS, who then begin to have neurologic decline between their acute attacks without any definite periods of remission. Usually, this decline may include new neurologic symptoms, worsening cognitive function, or other deficits. This type is the most common type of MS and causes the greatest amount of disability for the patients.
C. Primary progressive: Not frequent. It describes around 10% of individuals who never have remission after their initial MS symptoms. Decline occurs continuously without clear attacks. Usually tends to affect people who are older at disease onset.
D. Progressive relapsing: Very uncommon and very debilitating, describes a subtype of MS that from the onset of their MS, have a steady neurologic decline but also suffer superimposed attacks; and is the least common of all subtypes.
Treatment
A. Medical
I. Acute Relapses: High doses of intravenous corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, is the routine treatment. The goal of this kind of treatment is to end the attack sooner and leave fewer lasting deficits in the patient. They are very effective in the short term, but do not appear to have a significant impact on long-term recovery. Side effects include osteoporosis, impaired glucose, obesity and impaired memory.
II. Disease Modifying Medications: These are all very expensive medications with several sometimes severe side effects. As of 2007, six disease-modifying treatments have been approved by regulatory agencies of different countries for relapsing-remitting MS. Three are interferons : two formulations of interferon beta-1a (Avonex and Rebif) and one of interferon beta-1b (Betaseron or Betaferon). A fourth medication is glatiramer acetate (Copaxone). The fifth medication, mitoxantrone, is an immunosuppressant (used also in cancer chemotherapy). Finally, the sixth is natalizumab (Tysabri). All six medications are modestly effective at decreasing the number of attacks and slowing progression to disability, although they differ in their efficacy rate and studies of their long-term effects are still lacking.
B. Alternative
The following recommendations are made for patients with MS:
First, engage on a diet using mainly raw unprocessed foods, with organic foods when possible. Cook from scratch. Try fruits and vegetables with color to them ( color in fruits and veggies are usually the pigments of very strong antioxidants they carry ). Whole grains are prererred and whenever possible you should use brewer's yeast and wheat germ to your foods.
Make smoothies with fresh fruit, flax seed and berries. This will provide you with fiber, esssential fatty acids and antioxidants. Products like Lecithin ( found in tofu, soy derivates and bean sprouts ) help to strenghthen the myelin sheath.
DO NOT:
Eat junk food, processed or packed food
Drink Sodas or artificially sweetened drinks
Eat sugary products or products sweetened with refined sugar or high fructose corn syrup
Do:
Try fasting, with short term ( 1 day at a time ) fruit and vegetable juices fasts. Try a Super greens drink every morning for detox.
With respect to supplements it makes sense to increase your intake of highly concentrated Fish Oil. Go all the way up to 10-20 grams ( 10 to 20 capsules a day ). Start low but increase steadily to minimize flatulence. Even though I usually recommend Nordic Naturals fish Oil, here the cost wil be prohibitive. Try using NSI Fish Oil, Puritan's Pride or Vitamin Shoppe's brand Fish Oil for a larger capsule supply at a good price. Don't forget to put the bottle in the fridge once opened ( fish oil will turn rancid if in direct sunlight or exposed to oxygen, cold helps keep rancidity to a minimum ). Try high dose vitamin B12 ( 400mcg-800mcg sublingual a day). For immunity try a good probiotic ( again, keep on the fridge ), with a minimum of 4 billion units. Also the use of Plan Sterols ( Try commercial sytrinol ). GLA essential fatty acids from Borage oil or evening primrose oil is also recommended. For brain support, try Ginkgo Biloba, a total of 240mg dividad in 2 doses a day.
Acupressure, Acupuncture and Chinese medicine can definitively help treat symptoms, specifically pains and aches, fatigue, etc. Cranial acupuncture is specifically useful for neurological symptoms. Also oriental medicine is very good at balancing the body function and optimizing its organs to effectively fight the disease.
Stress reduction is a must. Feel free to use back flower herbs, Saint John's Wort, SAM-e, Valerian, Biofeedback, Yoga, Tai Chi, gentle excercise, etc and/or formal counseling to help you manage Stress.
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway diseases (COAD), is a group of diseases characterized by the pathological limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible. It refers to an obstruction of airflow, which results in air becoming trapped in the lungs. COPD is the term that groups chronic bronchitis, emphysema and a range of other lung disorders and is most often a consequence of long term tobacco smoking. Is it important?
1. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that COPD as a single cause of death shares 4th and 5th places with HIV/AIDS (after coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and acute respiratory infection). In the USA, it is the fourth leading cause of death and will be the third one by 2020. 2. It is estimated that there may currently be 16 million people in the United States currently diagnosed with COPD, with around 14 million or more undiagnosed. 3. According to the WHO, passive smoking carries serious risks, especially for children and those chronically exposed. The WHO estimates that passive smoking is associated with a 10 to 43 percent increase in risk of COPD in adults. 4. The total estimated cost of COPD in 2002 was $32.1 billion.$18 billion were direct costs, $14.1 billion were from indirect costs.
How do I know if I have COPD?
The main symptoms of COPD are:
1. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) lasting for months or perhaps years 2. Wheezing 3. A persistent cough with sputum production. 4. Blood in sputum (hemoptysis) 5. Cyanosis (bluish decolorization usually in the lips and fingers) caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood when COPD is really bad.
Signs include a rapid breathing rate (tachypnea) and a wheezing sound heard through a stethoscope.
Why does COPD occur?
A. Cigarette smoking : A primary risk factor of COPD is chronic tobacco smoking. In the United States, around 80 to 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking. Not all smokers will develop COPD, but continuous smokers have at least a 25% risk, after 25 years. Smoking cessation is one of the most important factors in slowing down the progression of COPD. Even at a late stage of the disease it can reduce the rate of deterioration and prolong the time taken for disability and death. B. Occupational pollutants: Some occupational pollutants, such as cadmium and silica, have shown to be a contributing risk factor for COPD. Also, coal workers who smoke have increased risk for concomitmant pneumoconiosis and emphysema. Asbestos workers who smoke are at increased risk for concomitant emphysema, asbestosis and mesothelioma. C. Air pollution: Urban air pollution may be a contributing factor for COPD as it is thought to impair the development of the lung function. In developing countries indoor air pollution has been found to be linked to COPD, especially in women. D. Genetics : Very rarely, there may be a deficiency in a trypsin antagonist known as alpha 1-antitrypsin which causes a form of COPD. How will a doctor diagnose COPD?
Your doctor might want to get a Chest X ray, which might show signs of COPD ( hyperinflation of the lungs ) . Also with the use of pulmonary function tests ( PFT's, spiromertry ) your doctor may see decreased airflow rates while exhaling and over-expanded lungs. Finally he can get a sample of blood taken from an artery (arterial blood gas) can show low levels of oxygen (hypoxemia) and high levels of carbon dioxide (respiratory acidosis).
Bear in mind that the diagnosis of COPD is suggested by symptoms; it is a clinical diagnosis and no single test is definitive. A history is taken of smoking and occupation exposure, and a physical examination is done. Later on studies such as a Chest X Ray and PFT's are done if needed.
Treatment
I. Conventional The first part of the treatment if the patient is still smoking is getting him to quit! There needs to be counseling involved, medications ( such as Wellbutrin, Chantix or the nicotine patch ) can also help, but the main issue is that the patient needs to be resolved to quit smoking. The doctor plays an important role as he needs to be availiable and enquire in every visit about the desire of thepatient to quit smoking.
β2 agonists
There are several highly specific β2 agonists available. Albuterol (Ventolin) is the most widely used short acting β2 agonist to provide rapid relief and should be prescribed as a front line therapy for all classes of patients. Other β2 agonists are Fenoterol, and Formoterol . Long acting β2 agonists (LABAs) such as Salmeterol act too slowly to be used as relief for dypsnea so these drugs should be used as maintenance therapy in the appropriate patient population. The TORCH study showed that LABA therapy reduced COPD exacerbation frequency over a 3 year period, compared to placebo.
Anticholinergics
Specific antimuscarinics were found to provide effective relief to COPD. Ipratropium is widely prescribed with the β2 agonist salbutamol.
Tiotropium ( SPIRIVA ) provides improved specificity for M3 muscarinic receptors. It is a long acting muscarinic antagonist that has shown good efficacy in the reduction of exacerbations of COPD, especially when combined with a LABA ( long acting beta agonists such as salmeterol ) and inhaled steroid. Leukotriene antagonists
More recently leukotriene antagonists block the signalling molecules used by the immune system. Montelukast, Pranlukast, Zafirlukast are some of the leukotrienes antagonists. Research doesn't support their use in COPD Xanthines
Theophylline is the prototype of the xanthine class of drug. Although still in use mainly because of their property of bronchodilation and pulmonary function anhancement ( specially at night ), they are used less and less due to their need to be closely monitored due to their narrow therapeutic range. Corticosteroids
Steroids by inhaler, by mouth and IM/IV has been the mainstay of treatment of COPD, and it has shown on research studies to reduce length of stay in hospital. Inhaled corticosteroids act in the inflammatory cascade and improve airway function considerably, and have been shown in the ISOLDE trial to reduce the number of COPD exacerbations by 25%. Corticosteroids are often combined with bronchodilators in a single inhaler. Bear in mind that these combinations ( specifically ADVAIR ) have not shown to decrease all cause mortality on research studies. Supplemental Oxygen
This is the only intervention that HAS SHOWN TO INCREASE SURVIVAL IN COPD. In general, long-term administration of oxygen is usually reserved for individuals with COPD who have oxygen saturation below 88% on room air. Vaccinations
Patients with COPD should be routinely vaccinated against influenza ( yearly ) , pneumococcus ( 2 times, once before age 65 and once after ). Pulmonary rehabilitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program of disease management, counseling and exercise coordinated to benefit the individual. Pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to relieve difficulties breathing and fatigue. It has also been shown to improve the sense of control a patient has over their disease as well as their emotions. Usually after a patient goes into the hospital they are referred for pulmonary rehabilitation.
Diet
A recent French study conducted over 12 years with almost 43,000 men concluded that eating a Mediterranean diet "halves the risk of serious lung disease like emphysema and bronchitis". Diet need to address the excess amount of energy the patient uses up everyday to breath, thus ensuring extra calories per day. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are used during flare-ups of symptoms as infections can worsen COPD. Research doesn't back up the use of them, but certainly treatments of overinfections help to stabilize the patient.
Lung Transplant
Lung transplant is sometimes performed for severe cases, but due to its high cost and lack of donors, it is certainly reserved to a limited number of patients.
II. Alternative
Even despite being repetitive the first treatment will always be quit smoking!
Drink plenty of lukewarm fluids, constantly throughout the day. Add fresh garlic, onions and ginger for immune support to your warm foods.
Decrease or stop taking dairy products.
Vegetable juice fasts and water fasts are recommended at least once every month.
With respect to supplements you can use N-acetylcysteine ( 500mg twice daily ) to reduce mucus viscosity, Vitamin C 500mg to 1000mg 3 times a day for immune function, also echinacea and goldenseal may help on the immune enhancing arena. Mullein 500mg 4 times a day may help get rid of mucus. Licorice can also be used ( warning for hypertensives ) in the form of supplements or tea. Finally, take collidal silver 1 teaspoon 3 times a day orally. This will help avoid bacterial infections.
Acupuncture, acupressure and chinese herbs can definitively help optimize immune function and difficulty breathing. A general reduction in stress is also recommended.
Do consider changing your environment. Sometimes humid weather can worsen symptoms. Also be aware that exercise is still recommended for stable COPD patients.
Asthma is a chronic disease of the lungs, involving the respiratory system in which the airway constricts, becomes inflamed, and is lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers. These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an stimulus from the environment (or allergen) such as cold air, warm air, perfume, moist air, exercise , or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold.
This airway narrowing causes wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to medications called bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual.
The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes are implemented.
In the developed world, asthma patients are on the rise, affecting up to one in four urban children.
What are the signs and symptoms of Asthma?
The following symptoms may be present in those with asthma:
Dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) Wheezing ( Not present on severe asthma cases ) Stridor Coughing Inability for physical exertion.
Signs of an asthmatic episode include:
Wheezing Prolonged expiration Rapid heart rate (tachycardia), Rhonchous on lungs Over-inflation of the chest. Use of accessory muscles of respiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck) In-drawing of tissues between the ribs and above the sternum and clavicles. Cyanosis ( turning blue ) Loss of conciousness
Causes of Asthma
Not really well known or understood. Probably a complex interaction between genetics and environmental factors contribute to it.
Genetic: Over 100 Genes have been traced and associated with Asthma, most of these are related to the immune system or the inflammatory cascade.
Environmental: Conditions such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels, Tobacco smoke, viral respiratory infections at an early age, early in life antibiotic use ( disturbance of the intestinal flora? ) and psychological stress on the baby's caregiver has been associated with increased asthma morbidity.
Diagnosis of Asthma
Asthma is defined simply as reversible airway obstruction. Reversibility occurs either spontaneously or with treatment. Currently the test standard is a pulmonary function test ( PFT ). In many cases, a physician can diagnose asthma on the basis of typical findings in a patient's clinical history and examination. An asthma patient may also have atopic dermatitis or other allergic conditions, suggesting a general atopic constitution .
While measurement of airway function is possible for adults, most new cases are diagnosed in children who are unable to perform such tests. Diagnosis in children is based on the patient's medical history and subsequent improvement with an inhaled bronchodilator medication. Differential diagnosis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ), which resembles asthma, is correlated with exposure to cigarette smoke, an older patient and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.
Pulmonary aspiration, whether direct due to dysphagia (swallowing disorder) or indirect (due to acid reflux), can show similar symptoms to asthma.
After a pulmonary function test has been carried out, radiological tests, such as a chest X-ray or CT scan of the chest, may be required to exclude the possibility of other lung diseases.
In some people, asthma may be triggered by gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can be treated with suitable antacids.
How can I avoid allergens and irritants?
Buy one or two good HEPA air filters ( Use consumer reports for the best ones and their prices ), open your doors and windows as there are more triggers on closed environments than in open ones. Change the filter on your heating and cooling system frequently.To keep mold down, clean and air out bathrooms, kitchens and basements often. Keep the level of humidity under 50%. You can do this with an air conditioner or a dehumidifier.
People who are allergic to dust are actually allergic to the droppings of dust mites. To reduce dust mites in your home, wash bedsheets weekly in hot water (above 130°F). Cover mattresses and pillows in airtight covers and remove carpets and drapes. If you must have carpet, you can treat it with chemicals to help reduce dust mites. Avoid stuffed animals, dried flowers and other things that catch dust. Give away old stuff from your house, keep only what you use often . Pets can cause problems if you're allergic to them. If you have a pet, keep it out of your bedroom.Don't allow smoking in your house or car, keep away from tobacco!
Triggers of an asthma attack
Air pollution Dust Mold Pollen Tobacco smoke Pet dander Exercise Changes in temperature Some foods Sulfite (food preservative in red wine, beer, salad bars, dehydrated soups and other foods) Aspirin, or ibuprofen (brand names: Advil, Motrin, Nuprin) Heartburn Sinus infections Strong emotions Perfume Spray-on deodorants Viruses
Treatment of Asthma
Medications
Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting bronchodilators ( known as SABA ) . These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). For encouraging a better distribution of the inhaled medication and their use with children and elderly adults an asthma spacer is sometimes used to help with the difficulty with the coordination necessary to use inhalers. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug and allows for the active agent to be dispersed into smaller, more fully inhaled bits.
A nebulizer which provides a larger, continuous dose can also be used. Nebulizers work by vaporizing a dose of medication in a saline solution . The patient inhales continuously the vapor until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. Such patients may not be able to inhale deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication.
On this category we have:
Short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, such as albuterol , levalbuterol or Xopenex, terbutaline and formoterol .Tremors are the major side effect, have been greatly reduced by inhaled delivery, which allows the drug to target the lungs specifically. At higher doses, there may also be cardiac side effects at higher doses (due to Beta-1 agonist activity). Do not use these medicines too frequently, as with such use their efficacy may decline which may lead to refractory asthma and death.
Other Medications include:
A. Anticholinergic medications, such as ipratropium bromide may be used instead or in addition to short acting agents. They have no cardiac side effects and thus can be used in patients with heart disease; however, they are slower and take up to an hour to achieve their full effect and are less powerful as the β2-adrenoreceptor agonists.
B. Inhaled glucocorticoids are usually considered preventive medications, as they work on inflammation of the respiratory airway. Other medications that work are cromolyn and nedocromil
C. Newer medicines, called anti-leukotrienes, are also used to prevent asthma attacks. These include montelukast, zafirlukast and zileuton.
D. Long-acting β2-agonists such as salmeterol, (LABA) are similar in structure to short-acting selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, but have much longer side chains resulting in a 12-hour effect, and are used to give a smoothed symptomatic relief (patients need to use them constantly morning and night). These are drugs that should be used in addition and not in replacement of short acting medications. There are concerns about these last inhalers when used alone, because they have been linked to worsening symptoms or death from asthma. Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread; the most common combination currently in use is fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair ) Another combination is budesonide/formoterol ( Symbicort ).
Alternative Medicine
Eat a healthy diet with plenty of raw veggies, fruits, seeds, whole grains in moderation, and lean sources of protein such as lean poultry or fish. Add garlic and onions to your food. Keep your system clean by drinking plenty of water.
Dairy and processed foods should be decreased if not eliminated.
Consider a 1 or 3 day juice or fruit fast every 3 or 6 months.
Consider starting Omega 3 fatty acids, probably even up to 4 or 8 grams of Fish Oil a day ( there are several brands out in the market, please refrigerate the fish oil after opening the bottle, please visit http://www.nordicnaturals.com/ for the best fish oil in industry ). IF allergic, use either flaxseed oil or borage oil. These work by reducing inflammation.
Magnesium is usually good at 250mg two or three times a day, vitamin C at 1000 to 4000mg a day, vitamin B12 can also be taken.
Acupuncture, Acupressure and chinese herbs are very effective for asthma, so do consider them as an alternative.
Constipation is when you have trouble having bowel movements or they seldomly occur. Normal bowel movements are in number of 1 every day or every other day. For some people, bowel movements several times a day are normal and when they happen more spaced, they can consider to have constipation. Your stools may be very hard, making them so difficult to pass that you have to strain. Or you may feel like you still need to have a bowel movement even after you've had one.
Tips on preventing constipation
Don't resist the urge to have a bowel movement. Modern life has made us postpone the need to have bowel movements for our "rest" periods. Go and have a bowel movement when you feel it or set aside time to have a bowel movement. A good time may be after breakfast or any other meal.
For prevention, eat more fiber ( leafy vegetables, cereal with fiber, whole grains, psyllium, etc ) . Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids--at least 8 glasses a day. Fluids can include water, juices, soup, tea and other drinks. Avoid the use of laxatives too often. Exercise or move around more.
What causes constipation?
As the food you eat passes through your digestive tract, your body takes nutrients and water from the food. This process creates a stool, which is moved through your intestines with muscle contractions (squeezing motions).A number of things can affect this process. These include not drinking enough fluids, not being active enough, not eating enough fiber, taking certain drugs ( such as narcotic pain medications ), not going to the bathroom when you have the urge to have a bowel movement and regularly using laxatives. Any of these things can cause the stools to move more slowly through your intestines, leading to constipation.
How is constipation treated?
The main thing in treating constipation is to be sure you're eating enough fiber and drinking enough fluids. This helps your stools move through your intestines by increasing the bulk of your stools and making your stools softer. Increasing how much you exercise will also help.
When can a visit to a doctor be of use?
New onset constipation
Constipation for 3 weeks or more ( Chronic constipation ) Constipation and pain Constipation and blood in stool
Constipation and unexplained weight loss
Diet
Eat plenty of fiber (see image below). Two to 4 servings of fruits and 3 to 5 servings of vegetables a day is ideal. Add extra fiber to your diet by eating cereals that contain bran or by adding bran as a topping on your fruit or cereal.
If you are adding fiber to your diet, start slowly and gradually increase the amount. This will help reduce gas and bloating. Make sure to drink plenty of water too.
Treatment for constipation
A. Bulk Forming Laxatives:
These work naturally to add bulk and water to your stools so that they can pass more easily through your intestines. These can and need to be used every day. They include oat bran, psyllium (Metamucil), polycarbophil (FiberCon) and methylcellulose (Citrucel). Follow the directions on the label. Start slowly and drink plenty of fluids. Gradually increase how much you use every 3 to 5 days (as you get used to it) until you get the effect you want. Side effects include some bloating, gas or cramping at first, especially if you start taking too much or increase the amount you're using too quickly. These symptoms should go away in a few weeks or less.
B. Other Laxatives: Such as Mineral Oil, Milk of Magnesia can definitely be useful, but are recommended to be used under doctor's surveilance due to avoid dependance on them
C. Osmotic Laxatives: such as Lactulose or Miralax: Should also be used under guidance.
Alternative Treatment for constipation
Use Flaxseed Oil, or even better, grind the fresh flaxseed with your favorite fruit and some figs as a smoothie. You will not only get the excellent fatty acids but you will get plenty of fiber.
You can also use a probiotic with at least 4 billion CFU daily. Add in some cascara sagrada two or three times a day.
Magnesium can be used for short periods of time as a supplement.
Finally you could use Nux Vomica ( homeopathic ) potency 30C for patients with urge of passing stools but being unable to. Lycopodium 30C should be used for patients with gas and bloating plus constipation.
Acupuncture and acupressure plus chinese herbs have a lot to offer, so visit your local acupuncturist!
There is even some massage to relieve constipation!
Dysmenorrhea is characterized by severe uterine pain during menstruation. While many females experience minor pain during menstruation ( which is normal ), dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when the pain is so severe as to limit normal activities, or require medication.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when symptoms are attributable to an underlying disease, disorder, or structural abnormality ( such as fibroids, endometriosis, infection, ovarian cysts, etc ). Primary dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when none of these are detected.
Signs and Symptoms
The main symptom of dysmenorrhea is pain centering in the lower abdomen, which may radiate to the thighs and lower back. Pain is described as sharp, throbing, dull, burning or shooting. Other symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and fatigue. Symptoms of dysmenorrhea usually begin a few hours before the start of menstruation, and may continue for a few days. Dysmenorrhea may be accompanied with heavy menstrual flow.
Etiology
In a systematic review, these were some risk factors for dysmenorrhea:
Age of less than 30 years
Low body mass index
Tobacco use
Early menarche (<12> )
Longer menstrual cycles
Heavy menstrual flow
nulliparity
Premenstrual syndrome
Sterilisation
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Sexual abuse
Other psychological factors.
Why does this happen?
Prostaglandins are chemical mediators of inflammation. They are released during menstruation, due to the destruction of the endometrial cells. This release of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators in the uterus is thought to be a major factor in primary dysmenorrhea. Females with primary dysmenorrhea have increased activity of the uterine muscle with increased contractility and increased frequency of contractions
How are painful periods treated?
With the information above, it is natural to treat menstrual cramps with NSAIDS ( antiinflammatories ) because they inhibit the production of prostaglandins, these medications include naproxen, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid. These can provide relief for the pain associated with high prostaglandin release. Newer medications that inhibit prostaglandins are COX - 2 inhibitors such as Celebrex. You can also try using heating pads or taking a warm bath.
Other prescription medication that might help in menstrual pain are oral contraceptics and other hormonal treatments such as Depo-provera( bear in mind they are hormones and thus can have side effects ).
And if the treatments don't work?
If none of these treatments work, your doctor might want to check for secondary dysmenorrhea, looking for ovarian cysts or endometriosis. An ultrasound test lets your doctor see if you have ovarian cysts. A minor surgery called a laparoscopy is used to check for endometriosis. This is a way of looking inside your uterus by making a small cut in your skin and putting a thin tube inside.
Alternative Medicine
Chinese Medicine is very effective for symptomatic relief of menstrual pain such as with the use of acupuncture, moxibustion ( see picture ), herbs such as Dong quai, etc.
The following herbs and supplements are sometimes effective: Vitex, Vitamin B6, MAgnesium and Calcium. Get a good Omega 3 Fatty acids supplement such as Borage Oil, Evening Primrose Oil or Fish Oil. Use Milk Thistle as a liver detoxifier.
Video of how to treat Menstrual cramps with the use of physical means
This s a very controversial subject and is poorly understood by patients and physicians. Fatigue and lethargy are a very common complaint of adults, specially in the cities and on industrialized nations. Usually when patients have these problems they seek help and increase their intake of coffee, take energy boosting drinks ( full of caffeine, guarana, etc ). If they seek help, most doctors will check blood and thyroid levels as well as some other values that usually turn up to be normal ( and the doctor might tell you you just need to relax or take it easy ).
Since the 1800, the following unrelated symptoms: tiredness, fearfulness, allegies, anxiety, depression, reduced memory, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, inability to lose weight have been put into a syndrome called Adrenal Fatigue or Hypoadrenia. This syndrome, although not lethal can certainly be debilitating. It starts when your system fails to deal with stress.
Signs and symptoms of Adrenal Fatigue
Fatigue
Reduced Sex Drive
Decreased memory
Lack of energy in the mornings, better after meals for a brief period
Lightheaded when standing up
Need for stimulants or coffee in the morning
Craving salty and fatty foods
PMS symptoms for women
Upper back and neck pain
Difficulty in getting up in the morning
Mild depression
Lack or energy
Dry skin
Anxiety
Hair loss
Palpitations
Function of the Adrenals
The adrenals are 2 glands each located on top of the kidneys in the abdomen. these glands manufacture several key hormones for the body, most of them related to fluid and stress management.
The adrenals have got 2 parts to them: A central part ( medulla ) that makes epinephrine and norepinephrine and regulates the autonomic nervous system ( responsible for the fight or flight response ). The outer part or Cortex, is responsible of the production of about 80% of the hormones of the adrenals ( about 50 hormones ), these are the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens.
Of these hormones, cortisol is the most important hormone. When cortisol is low ( and the adrenals are exhausted ), the body cannot deal effectively with stress. Cortisol has the following effects: Normalizes blood sugars, Antiinflammation, regulates immune activity, blood pressure control and stress regulation.
Mineralocorticoids, such as Aldosterone, deal with the sodium and potassium balance of the body, thus regulating blood pressure. Increased stress levels trigger a release of aldosterone, producing water retention and also a loss of potassium and magnesium, which in turn can cause muscle cramps, arrhythmias, etc.
Androgens ( most sex hormones ) are also made on the adrenals such as DHEA and pregnenolone.
Causes of Adrenal fatigue
Stress is a major player. Chronic stress is very common in the western society. The most common causes of stress are work pressure, death of a love one, moving house, changing jobs, illness and marital disruptions.
Adrenal fatigue occurs when the amount of stress overextends the capacity of the body to compensate and recover from stress. Stressors that can lead to adrenal fatigue include Anger, chronic fatigue, chronic illness, chronic infection, chronic pain, depression, fear, guilt, gluten intolerance, low blood sugar , malabsorption and indigestion, toxic exposure, Severe or chronic stress surgery, late hours, sleep deprivation and excessive caffeine intake from coffee or tea.
What happens to Cortisol and DHEA with Stress?
At first Cortisol will increase, and DHEA will decrease. Hormones such as Epinephrine and Norepinephrine will increase. This will have consequences such as increased insulin resistance and increased blood glucose that will lead in time to diabetes, reduced immune response ( increased chance of herpes outbreaks, yeast overgrowth and viral infections ), incresed loss of calcium, increased fat accumulation, hypertension and PMS.
Later in time, once the adrenals are exhausted, very little cortisol and DHEA will be produced. Sex hormones will also decrease.
Allopathic Medicine and Adrenal Exhaustion
Most MD doctors are unfamiliar with this condition, even despite subclinical hypoadrenia being recognized as a syndrome since 1920's, for the simple reason that it is difficult to diagnose effectively by traditional blood test. Normal blood tests are designed to detect severe absolute deficiency of adrenal hormones known as Addison's disease. This disease afflicts only 4 out of 100,000 and is often the result of auto-immune disease or infectious origin. Blood tests are also useful to detect extreme excessive levels of adrenal hormones in a condition known as Cushing's disease.
Adrenal hormones are low in the case of Adrenal fatigue, but still within the "normal" range ( normal ranges are way too large and do not reflect individual needs or patient change in hormones due to age ) and not low enough to warrant the diagnosis of Addison's disease by regular blood tests. In fact, your adrenal hormones can be half of the optimum level and still be labeled "normal". A patient's cortisol level might even be relatively high and it will not mean the patient is normal , but just that the patient has got the beggining of adrenal fatigue.
Another issue that is very important is that for an accurate estimate of what your cortisol levels are is to measure them 4 times a day because of its daily variation ( 8am, noon, 5pm and before bedtime ). DHEA is tested anytime in the day.
Usually Saliva testing is used to test for cortisol, due to its ability to measure free and circulating hormones.
Treatment
The first idea I need to convey is that Adrenal Fatigue is treatable and is reversible, but do not expect to have it solved quickly. You will need at least 6 months to 1-2 years to resolve the problem.
The first step is to measure your hormone levels. You will need to go to a doctor and get him to write an order for saliva testing. ZRT ( Hormone Profile III ) labs and Metametrix ( Adrenal Test Plus ) are labs that usually offer saliva tests ( so do others ).
Then, you will need to remove the factors that contribute to your stress: Do deal with ( get to a counselor, face the problem, engage in Emotional Freedom Technique ) marital, work, relationship, financial problems. Get some good quality sleep from 10 to 7 or 8 if possible. Supplements for insomnia include melatonin, 5-HTP, magnesium, valerian, etc.
Avoid caffeine, tea, sodas, TV, computers, action books, etc. Avoid excercise just before bed, do it 1 or 2 hours before going to sleep or early in the morning.
A. Nutrition and Alternative Medicine
With respect to diet, you can start by taking a good breakfast and not skipping it, even though you may not be hungry. When cortisol levels are at its peak from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m., we may have no appetite. Even a small snack ( nutritious, with good protein, fats and carbs ) is better than nothing at all and will provide the needed energy even though there is no urge to eat. Skipping breakfast is not a good idea. It is therefore important to have a healthy breakfast soon after waking and not later than 10 a.m. Do eat lunch, again try making it nutritious. Sometimes, a nutritious snack ( think protein bar or a good protein shake ) between 2:00 to 3:00 p.m. will be needed to sustain our bodies through the dip in cortisol levels that occurs between 3:00 to 4:00 p.m. Evening meals should be around 5:00 to 6:00 p.m. Supper, if needed, should be in small quantities and low carbs to avoid the steep rise in blood sugar.
If you eat a heavy carbohydrate meal ( think pasta, pizza, breads, etc ), you could have symptoms such as nightmares, anxiety, and night sweats. When this occurs, the body will have to activate the adrenals to put out more cortisol in order to raise the blood sugar back to its normal level. This will eventually put an excessive burden onto the already fatigued adrenal gland if carried on year after year.
A. Diet
Needs to be optimized. Please take into consideration the following key nutritional elements:
1. Sugar :Glucose is a simple sugar found in food. It is an essential nutrient that provides energy for the proper functioning of the body cells. After meals, food is digested in the stomach and is broken down into glucose and other nutrients. The glucose is absorbed by the intestinal cells, carried by the bloodstream to cells throughout the body. However, glucose cannot enter the cells alone. It needs assistance from insulin in order to penetrate the cell walls. Insulin therefore acts as a regulator of glucose transport and metabolism in the body.
Insulin is called the "hunger hormone". As the blood sugar level increases after a meal, the corresponding insulin level rises with the eventual lowering of the blood sugar level and glucose is transported from the blood into the cell for energy. As energy is produced by the cell, blood glucose level slowly is lowered, the insulin release from the pancreas is turned off. As energy continue to be generated, the blood sugar level continues to drop. When it drops below a certain level, hunger is felt. This often occurs a few hours after the meal. This drop in blood sugar triggers the adrenals to make more cortisol. The cortisol increases the blood sugar by converting protein and fat into its component parts. With this, the blood sugar rises to provide a continuous supply of energy for our use between meals. Cortisol therefore works hand in hand with insulin to provide a steady blood sugar level 24 hours a day and keep blood glucose levels in a tightly controlled range.
When the adrenal gland is in a state, the amount of cortisol production drops below the normal level, and the amount of sugar available to the cells is reduced. With less sugar, less energy is available to the body, and fatigue is experienced. As the sugar level drops below a critical point, dizziness and lightheadedness can be experienced. These are common symptoms of low blood sugar (also called hypoglycemia). Low blood sugar is most likely experienced between meals at 10am-12pm, as well as 3-4pm. For diabetics, bear in mind that hypoglycemia hunger might be felt with rather "hugh" glucose numbers.
The body’s automatic response when more sugar is needed during a stress response is to make more insulin in an attempt to move the sugar into the cell from the blood stream to create more energy. Insulin opens up the cell membrane to push the glucose in, resulting in further reduction in blood glucose. This worsens the already existing hypoglycemic state. Not only that, but insulin in icreased amounts will make your body resistant to its action . This means that every time you eat a rich carbohydrate diet you will need to release more and more insulin to get the glucose inside the cells.
A quick fix solution is to take food that is high in refined sugar such as donut or sweets, or drinks that is stimulatory to get the adrenal to put out more cortisol, such as coffee, energy or cola drinks. This gives the person a boost of energy. However, this hypoglycemic symptom relief only lasts for about 1-2 hours. Inevitably, it is followed by a crash to an even lower blood level. The sugar level tends to increase after each quick fix, but drops after a few hours. By the end of the day, the body is totally exhausted.
A diet that maintains a constant sugar level in the blood is a critical consideration in adrenal fatigue recovery. This can be done by taking a variety of low-glycemic index food that releases sugar slowly to sustain the body during and between meals. Starchy carbohydrates that are converted quickly into glucose (such as pasta and bread) should be limited. Soda drinks should be totally avoided. Diets for patients with Adrenal deficiency need to balance the amount of protein, fat, and well as carbohydrates. As compared to a normal person, the adrenal fatigue person has an immediate need for sugar when hunger strikes. At the same time, they also need good protein as well as good fat to have sustained energy ( and more important, feel full ) until the next meal comes.
The primary diet should be high in raw food and that is low in glycemic index ( please search http://www.glycemicindex.com/ ) . Fruit juices should be avoided, fruits like the melons should be avoided too . Good quality protein from meat, fish, and eggs are recommended. These provide a steady source of energy to carry the body through between meals.
Vegetarians have a much higher challenge to keep up with Adrenal Fatigue . Legumes (beans) must be eaten with whole grains, seeds, or nuts to make a complete protein. It is important for vegetarians to add eggs, miso, as well as combining beans, seeds, and nuts with a small amount of whole grain. About 50-60% of the diet should consist of raw food. 6-8 servings of a wide variety of vegetables should be included.
Seeds and nuts ( think Flax seed ) are critical elements and sources of fatty acids that the adrenal glands need in order to manufacture cholesterol, a precursor to all adrenal steroid hormones. You can also take Omega 3 fatty acids form fish ( visit http://www.nordicnaturals.com/ )The key is to take nuts and seeds that are raw and free of rancid oils. Oils that are rancid make the symptoms of adrenal fatigue worse and should be avoided at all cost. Raw nuts should be taken on a liberal basis and should be soaked overnight in water. Nuts such as cashews, almonds, brazils, pecans, walnuts, and chestnuts are excellent. Peanuts should be avoided. Olive oil should be used for salad dressings. If heated it will NOT GIVE YOU its excellent antiinflammatory and nutrition properties. Use coconut oil and butter for any high heat or deep-frying.
Vegetables high in sodium include kelp, black olives, red hot peppers, spinach, zucchini, celery. Fruits should only be taken in moderation ( berries and pears are good ). You will need to learn to feel your body as a bad feeling after food consumption, will tell you that you are on the wrong track and that part of the food you ate is NOT good for you. Organic fruits such as papaya mango, apples, grapes, and cherry are recommended.
On other issues, I will recommend you eat all your meals, or even better, try to have 4 or 5 smaller meals and NOT 2 or 3. When eating whole grain carbohydrates, add protein ( it will make you feel fuller ) and also some fat to slow down the absorbtion of glucose. Ny eating whole carbohydrates you are at least making sure you are taking some fiber too.
2. Salt . As with advanced adrenal fatigue reports a low blood pressure as well as a salt craving. The low blood pressure is due to the reduced fluid in the body. Salt craving is because the body is in a absolute deficiency of sodium. Both are due to the lack of aldosterone. While lost fluids should be replaced, it has to be done carefully. When the fluid is replaced without adequate sodium, the amount of sodium in the body actually gets diluted, therefore resulting in an even lower sodium level. This is called dilutional hyponatremia, a dangerous condition that can be deadly. It is therefore important to add salt liberally to fluids ( if your blood pressure is not high! ) that are taken in by anybody suffering form adrenal fatigue.
Commercially available electrolyte replacement drinks such as Gatorade or Powerade are designed for people who have normal adrenal and excessive loss of potassium during exercise. These drinks are designed to be high in potassium and low in sodium. Sufferers of advanced adrenal fatigue usually have a low cortisol and sodium level. They should take filtered drinking water with ½-1 teaspoon of salt on a regular basis, especially in the morning.
Only a small number of people with adrenal fatigue have concurrent high blood pressure. Those that fall into this category should check their blood pressure carefully during fluid replacement. Sea salt is better than table salt in that it contains additional trace minerals as well. A good fluid cocktail for adrenal fatigue suffers is vegetable juice diluted with water and sprinkled with sea salt and kelp powder.
Hydration of a person in adrenal fatigue should take about 24-48 hrs. The drink should be administered frequently, about 2-4 times a day in intermittent dosages. Coffee, alcohol, and tea (with the exception of herbal tea) should be avoided.
B. BIO IDENTICAL HORMONES
I would advise you to go to a doctor who knows and manages bio identical hormones to evaluate you and treat you. Treatment for Adrenal Exhaustion should be individualized for each individual patient and adjusted according to symptoms and hormonal levels.
Hormonally ( these are all prescription ), you can supplement hydrocortisone or cortisone acetate in doses of 2.5 to 5 mg two to four times a day. this can replenish depleted adrenals. Also, you could replace DHEA with 15-50 mg a day and pregnenolone 25-50 mg.
C. Supplements
With respect to herbals and supplements, you can use several.
First Think about adding a super green shake in the morning. Replace Coffee with Green tea. Then, think about adding Omega 3 fatty acids ( http://www.nordicnaturals.com/ ) at about 2 to 4 grams daily.
Other herbals and supplements you need to consider are vitamin C, magnesium, siberian gingseng and rhodiola rosea.
I hope this review has been useful for you. Please view this video on the topic
In osteoporosis because of a loss of calcium, the inside part of the bones becomes porous . This is called losing bone mass. Over time, the bones become weak and brittle and likely to break.
Osteoporosis is much more common in women than in men. This is because women over their life accumulate less bone mass than men and tend to live longer. In females, Estrogen plays an important role in calcium regulation. If men live long enough, they are also at risk of getting osteoporosis later in life.
After age 35, when total bone mass has peaked, all adults start to lose it. In women, the rate of bone loss speeds up after menopause for about 10 years, when estrogen levels fall. If for some reason the ovaries are removed by a surgery, females will experience heavy bone loss during the 10 years that follow the surgery if they have not received hormonal replacement therapy.
In the USA about 50% of women of ages 45-70 suffer from osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis Risk Factors
Are the following:
Menopause before age 48 Surgery to remove ovaries before menopause Not enough calcium through diet Not enough exercise Smoking and Alcohol Abuse Relative with Osteoporosis Thin body and small bone frame Fair skin (caucasian or Asian race) Hyperthyroidism Long-term use of oral steroids ( Asthma or autoimmune diseases )
Signs of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis doesn't give signs until it is late in the course of the disease such as broken bones, low back pain or a hunched back. Because of fractures and collapse of the vertebrae, you may also get shorter over time.
How can you diagnose osteoporosis
Sometimes there is no need for images, as osteoporosis in advanced disease can be self evident. In earlier cases, you can rely on a Bone Density Scan, which you can arrange to get with your doctor. A Bone density scan can accurately measure the amount of calcium that your bones still have.
Prevention
It is essential to :
Exercise: Even slow motion equilibrating exercises such as Tai Chi are good for it. A well-balanced diet with at least 1,000 mg of calcium a day ( Dairy products ) Quit smoking and Drinking alcohol.
Medication
The main advise should be to take plenty of calcium and Vitamin D. Please take a look at the following chart to estimate your Calcium needs:
There are several types of medications :
1. Hormones such as Estrogen replacement Therapy: With Potential Side effects. You need to consult with your doctor.
2. Others such as Calcitonin ( reduces pain and reduces the rate of bone loss ) or Forteo are a little more specific than Estrogen for osteoporosis.
3. Other Medication such as Fosamax and Actonel that prevent bone loss. Boniva and Evista are two other choices.
Please bear in mind that there are several side effects to these medications, so you do need to have frequent follow up with your doctor.
Alternative Medicine Bioidentical Hormones ( Also through certain health providers ) offers a better profile that regular equine ( from horses ) estrogen. This is an option that should be considered by females. It is not without side effects ( mostly cardiovascular and endometrial cancer ), so you need to discuss this with your doctor.
Eliminate sugar, refined grains and Sodas from your diet. Reduce your salt intake. Reduce or eliminate caffeine.
The best tolerated form of dairy is Cultured Yogurt, not milk or cheese. Other sources of calcium include algae such as Wakame and Agar, Sardines, Collard Greens, Almonds and Walnuts, Spinach, Sesame seeds, Tofu, lentils and black beans.
With respect to supplements obviously Do not forget Calcium, Magnesium, Vitamin D ( 800-1200mg ), Vitamin K, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Vitamin C and a good super greens formula.
Homeopathy wise, use calcarea carbonica and calcarea carbonica.
Do not forget to do regular weight bearing exercises ( get a set of dumbbells and work your upper extremities ) and walking.
This is a video of some exercises you can do for Osteoporosis:
Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder named for German physician Alois Alzheimer, who first described it in 1906. Today we know that Alzheimer’s: Is a progressive and fatal brain disease. As many as 5 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior severe enough to affect work, lifelong hobbies or social life. Alzheimer’s gets worse over time, and it is fatal. Today it is the seventh-leading cause of death in the United States.
Is the most common form of dementia, a general term for the loss of memory and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Vascular dementia, another common type of dementia, is caused by reduced blood flow to parts of the brain. In mixed dementia, Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia occur together.
Alzheimer's has no current cure. But treatments for symptoms, combined with the right services and support, can make life better for patients living with Alzheimer’s. We’ve learned most of what we know about Alzheimer’s in the last 15 years. There is an accelerating worldwide effort under way to find better ways to treat the disease, delay its onset, or prevent it from developing.
Symptoms of Alzheimer's
Some change in memory is normal as we grow older, but the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are more than simple lapses in memory. People with Alzheimer’s experience difficulties communicating, learning, thinking and reasoning — problems severe enough to have an impact on an individual's work, social activities and family life.
The Alzheimer's Association has developed a checklist of common symptoms to help you recognize the difference between normal age-related memory changes and possible warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease.
There’s no clear-cut line between normal changes and warning signs. It’s always a good idea to check with a doctor if a person’s level of function seems to be changing. The Alzheimer’s Association believes that it is critical for people diagnosed with dementia and their families to receive information, care and support as early as possible.
10 warning signs of Alzheimer's
1. Memory loss. Forgetting recently learned information is one of the most common early signs of dementia.
What's normal? Forgetting names or appointments occasionally.
2. Difficulty performing familiar tasks. People with dementia often find it hard to plan or complete everyday tasks. Individuals may lose track of the steps involved in preparing a meal, placing a telephone call or playing a game.
What's normal? Occasionally forgetting why you came into a room or what you planned to say.
3. Problems with language. People with Alzheimer’s disease often forget simple words or substitute unusual words, making their speech or writing hard to understand. They may be unable to find the toothbrush, for example, and instead ask for "that thing for my mouth.”
What's normal? Sometimes having trouble finding the right word.
4. Disorientation to time and place. People with Alzheimer’s disease can become lost in their own neighborhood, forget where they are and how they got there, and not know how to get back home.
What's normal? Forgetting the day of the week or where you were going.
5. Poor or decreased judgment. Those with Alzheimer’s may dress inappropriately, wearing several layers on a warm day or little clothing in the cold. They may show poor judgment, like giving away large sums of money to telemarketers.
What's normal? Making a questionable or debatable decision from time to time.
6. Problems with abstract thinking. Someone with Alzheimer’s disease may have unusual difficulty performing complex mental tasks, like forgetting what numbers are for and how they should be used.
What's normal? Finding it challenging to balance a checkbook.
7. Misplacing things. A person with Alzheimer’s disease may put things in unusual places: an iron in the freezer or a wristwatch in the sugar bowl.
What's normal? Misplacing keys or a wallet temporarily.
8. Changes in mood or behavior. Someone with Alzheimer’s disease may show rapid mood swings – from calm to tears to anger – for no apparent reason.
What's normal? Occasionally feeling sad or moody.
9. Changes in personality. The personalities of people with dementia can change dramatically. They may become extremely confused, suspicious, fearful or dependent on a family member.
What's normal? People’s personalities do change somewhat with age.
10. Loss of initiative. A person with Alzheimer’s disease may become very passive, sitting in front of the TV for hours, sleeping more than usual or not wanting to do usual activities.
What's normal? Sometimes feeling weary of work or social obligations.
Diagnosing Alzheimer's
If your relative shows any of these symptoms, please consider bringing him to a doctor, who then, might perform some of the following:
Take a medical history - this should include questions about past illnesses, prior injuries and surgeries, and current chronic conditions in order to identify other possible causes for Alzheimer's-like symptoms. For instance, if you suffered a serious head injury any time in your past, it could account for the problems with memory or concentration that you're currently experiencing. If your loved one has cardiovascular disease, that could be reducing blood flow to the brain and causing forgetfulness.
Take a medication history - this should include allergies, experienced side effects from past medications, and a list of current medications and dosages. Not only will this inform any future prescription decisions; it also might reveal a medication interaction or over dosage that accounts for your or your loved one's confusion and other symptoms. Medications such as the over the counter sleeping medication might impair memory.
Evaluate mood - the evaluation should include an assessment for anxiety or depression, which can create Alzheimer's-like symptoms in older people as well as occur concurrently with Alzheimer's or another dementia. Depression, in particular, can result in a set of symptoms collectively known as pseudodementia. If a mood disorder is detected, it can be treated thus resolving symptoms. Certainly Alzheimer's on its own can generate anxiety and depression too.
Do a mental status exam - to assess memory, concentration, and other cognitive skills. The mental status exam is a research-based set of questions that results in a score that indicates a general level of impairment. If you or your loved one scores high on a mental status exam, there is less of a chance that Alzheimer's is the culprit; another (possibly treatable) condition may be responsible for the symptoms. However, highly educated individuals have scored high on mental status exams even though they do have Alzheimer's disease.
Complete physical exam - to assess hearing, vision, blood pressure, pulse, and other basic indicators of health and disease. A current physical exam can detect acute medical conditions such as an infection that might be causing Alzheimer's-like symptoms.
Appropriate laboratory tests - these will vary according to your or your loved one's medical history and current symptoms. For example, if you are exhibiting pre-diabetic symptoms, a blood glucose test would be ordered. Infections such as a Urinary tract infection can manifest as memory loss in the elderly.
Neurological exam - this should include an examination of the motor system (movement), reflexes, gait (walking), sensory functioning, and coordination in order to detect problems with the nervous system that may be causing problems with thinking and behavior.
Imaging procedures - detailed pictures of the brain, such as a CT scan (computerized tomography), an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), or a PET scan (positron emission tomography) to identify changes in brain structure or size indicative of Alzheimer's, or to look for brain tumors, blood clots, strokes, normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), or other abnormalities that might account for Alzheimer's-like symptoms.
There is NOT ANY SINGLE TEST that can actually diagnose Alzheimer's on its own.
Treatment of Alzheimer's
We will focus on the treatment of the two parts. The first part is treating cognitive Symptoms, which include problems with thought processes like memory, language, and judgment. Two types of medications have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease:
1. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, which plays a key role in memory and learning. This kind of drug postpones the worsening of symptoms for 6 to 12 months in about half of the people who take it. May be used from the very beginning of the diesease. Cholinesterase inhibitors most commonly prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease include Aricept (donezepil HCL), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Razadyne (galantamine). Because of varying side effects and possible interactions with other medications, doctors may try different cholinesterase inhibitors until the most effective one is found for the individual.
2. Namenda (memantine) regulates glutamate in the brain, which plays a key role in processing information. This drug is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease and may delay the worsening of symptoms in some people.
The secong type of symptoms to treat are behavioral Symptoms. Often the most challenging for caregivers, behavioral symptoms include agitation, suspicion, and depression. Although caregivers often take personally the behaviors exhibited toward them, it’s important to remember that behavioral symptoms are just as much a result of damage to brain cells as are cognitive symptoms. Behavioural symptoms can be treated with medications or counseling.
Some medications are useful for managing behavioral symptoms. For instance, anti-anxiety medications can treat agitation and aggression, while anti-psychotic medications have been used to address suspicion and paranoia. However, the risk of drug reactions and/or interactions runs high among those with Alzheimer’s, so caution should be used when medications are prescribed to deal with behavioral issues. A combination of drug and non-drug treatments often works best. Non-drug treatments involve analyzing the behavior, identifying what may have triggered it, and devising an approach that either changes the person’s environment or the caregiver’s reaction to the behavior. For example, excessive noise can worsen agitation in individuals with Alzheimer’s. Simply creating a calmer environment may eliminate the behavior.
Alternative Medicine for Alzheimer's
First of all an organic fresh fruit and veggetable diet is recommended. Vitamins A, C and E are recommended, along with Vitamin B12. Instead of processed foods, raw and unprocessed foods are recommended too.
Detoxification with fruit juices fasting techniques is encouraged, even if it is as little as once a month (1 to 3 day fast with juices ). A Super Green's drink in the morning could help the detox too.
Supplements that might help with Alzheimer's include: Phosphatidylserine, Bacopa, Ginkgo Biloba , Vitamin B12, Omega 3 Fatty acids (2-5 grams ) and Acetyl-L-carnitine.
In China, they tend to use Cordyceps sinensis ( a fungus ) to boost memory.
Essential is also to provide a relaxing environment to the patient, work with massage, acupressure or acupuncture to reduce stress.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the name of a group of behaviors found in many children . People who have ADHD have trouble paying attention in school, at home or at work. They may be much more active and/or impulsive than what is usual for their age. These behaviors contribute to significant problems in relationships, learning and behavior. For this reason, children who have ADHD are sometimes seen as being "difficult" or as having behavior problems.ADHD is common, affecting 4% to 12% of school-age children. It's more common in boys than in girls.
What are the symptoms of ADHD?
1. The child with ADHD who is inattentive will have 6 or more of the following symptoms:
Has difficulty following instructions Has difficulty keeping attention on work or play activities at school and at home Loses things needed for activities at school and at home Appears not to listen Doesn't pay close attention to details Seems disorganized Has trouble with tasks that require planning ahead Forgets things Is easily distracted
2. The child with ADHD who is hyperactive/impulsive will have at least 6 of the following symptoms:
Fidgety Runs or climbs inappropriately Can't play quietly Blurts out answers Interrupts people Can't stay in seat Talks too much Is always on the go Has trouble waiting his or her turn
What should I do if I think my child has ADHD?
Talk with your child's doctor. A diagnosis of ADHD can be made only by getting information about your child's behavior from several people who know your child. Your doctor will ask you questions and may want to get information from your child's teachers or anyone else who is familiar with your child's behavior. Your doctor will do vision and hearing tests if these tests haven't been done recently.Your doctor may recommend trying medicine to see if it helps control your child's hyperactive behavior. Your doctor may also want your child to see someone who specializes in helping children who have behavior problems, such as a psychologist.
In this article we will provide an alternative to the traditional approach to ADHD that is usually taken. Usually the children's teacher will be the first one to "notice" any changes. They will try to contact the parents to try to get the kid to a doctor or a psychologist for evaluation. Usually kids will end up taking stimulant medication and optimally some sort of counseling.
Parents and professionals faced with the challenging task of treating ADHD in children commonly face an unfortunate situation in which behavior problems at home and/or school have placed yet another pressure to opt for medication as the primary treatment.
There is little doubt that the majority of these 'medicated' children will have benefits in their attention span, behavior, and other components of their disorder. And yet, the benefits of medication come with built-in risks from misdiagnosis, side effects, abuse, and unforeseen long-term complications.
Although complementary and alternative therapies have shown promise in treating ADHD, the task of matching the patient to the most appropriate of these therapies remains difficult to parents and health professionals. Many treating physicians are waiting for better studies, and conventional standards, to help establish appropriate treatment protocols.
Alternative Medicine in the treament of ADHD First the non pharmacological approach:
1. Digestion & Nutrition: In some cases, there are common, healthy foods ( usually wheat and dairy products ) to which an individual is sensitive. Removal of these foods from the child’s diet leads to profound changes in behavior. This includes sweets ( sugars and artificial sweeteners such as high fructose corn syrup, Splenda and Aspartame ) .In other cases, food additives or a defficient protein intake are the culprits. Other nutritional deficiencies can also be present in otherwise healthy looking kids. Dietary adjustments and digestive aids can clear up symptoms in these cases and help build a solid foundation of nutrition for healthy development.
2. Environmental influences: Many studies have linked excessive TV viewing to increases in child obesity and violent behavior. Recent studies have been shown correlations between TV viewing time and ADHD prevalence. The two have been positively linked (the more time spent watching TV at age 1 and 3 years, the more likely attentional problems were present at age 7). The American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends no TV viewing for children 2 and younger, and only 1-2 hours per day of nonviolent, educational programs for older children.
3. Exposure to toxins. Pesticides and herbicides have been linked with other health problems like cancer and reproductive issues, and heavy metals have been linked with a number of behavioral and learning problems. If you are unsure about the safety of your drinking water, air, or food, these can and should be assessed.
4. Cultural issues: At the heart of the ADHD epidemic are the changing educational expectations, and many other cultural issues. Children are being expected to perform well on tests and learn academic material earlier and earlier in their development. Academic Goals are increased with very little emphasis on subjects such as music, arts or physical training. This is not healthy at all. The children need to be able to run around and release their great supplies of energy. If not allowed to do this on the playground, children will release their energy in other ways that we do not find as desirable. Parents also devote less and less time to their children who need consistency and attention.
There are herbs that can help with ADHD such as:
1. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Ginkgo leaves are remarkable for their ability of their ginkgolide and flavone glycoside-containing extracts to increase local blood flow to brain, bringing greater oxygenation to the tissues, while acting as a neural antoixidant. Ginkgo also improvies brain glucose metabolism, and positively affects levels of amine neurotransmitter substances in the brain. These benefits become more pronounced after prolonged use. 2. Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) This Ayurvedic herb has a long history of use as a cognitive enhancer. Research shows that it the protects brain from free radical damage even better than the cognitive-enhancing drug deprenyl (Battacharya), while stimulating improved learning and cognitive function (Kidd).
3. Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosis) Adaptogenic; helps to modulate stress reactions by normalizing physiological function. The extract stimulates brain activity and causes a more economical release of body energy which results in increased work output. It contains a mixture of eleutherosides A-E, including syriingin (B) and syringaresinol diglucoside (E), which have been shown to diminish stress-caused reductions of strength and memory retrieval. It also benefits growth rates. The anti-stress effect seems to derive from its antioxidant and steroid metabolism activity on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal endocrine function. It improves adaptation to dimished blood flow to the brain. Siberian ginseng also produces an increase of amine nerve transmitter substances in the brain and adrenal gland. 4. Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica, also Hydrocotyle asiatica) These herbs are not to be confused with the caffeine-containg Kola nut. Their triterpenoid glycosides - asiaticoside, madecassoside, and brahmoside - reduce adrenal corticosterone blood levels during stress. They have also been found to be useful for cognitive and nervous disorders and vascular problems of the brain.
5. Green Oats (Avena sativa) The fresh green seeds have been used as a mild antispasmotic and nourishing nerve tonic. Its tonic effects are not immediatly stimulating as with caffeine, but are cummulative and resotorative over time with continued use.
Chinese Medicine can also help. You may want to go to your local Acupuncturist or Medical Acupuncturist for the following formula from Kan Herbs : Calm Dragon Formula (K'an Herbs) also called Bupleurum plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell Decoction.
Another formula, marketed as Liquid Serenity, from Dr. Tilgner has got the following profile:
1. St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum, is a nervine, anti-inflammatory, sedative, and trophorestorative (nourishing). It is used for depression, fear, insomnia, anxiety or feelings of worthlessness, nerve pain and night terrors. St. John's Wort should be used long term for these effects.
2.Kava Kava, Piper methisticum, is a sedative, hypnotic, antispasmostic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and mild anticonvulsant. It is used to relieve anxiety, stress, insomnia, tension headaches, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and general pain from muscle spasms or inflammation. Research has shown that individuals are able to maintain cognitive effects when using kava kava, unlike most sedative or hypnotic drugs.
3. Siberian Ginseng, Elutherococcus senticosus, is an adaptogen. It helps the body to adapt to stressful situations of many types whether from internal or external causes. It increases endurance and concentration and enhances oxygen metabolism in tissues and organs. This herb strengthens disgestion, kidneys, and enhances overall resistance to disease. It is supportive to the adrenal gland and other bodily functions.
4. Skullcap, Scutellaria lateriflora, is a sedative, antispasmotic, hypotensive, nervous sytem trophorestorative and cerebral vasodilator. It is used for insomnia, restless sleep, agitation, nervous exhaution, and nervous system weakness after prolonged illness. Skullcap is indicated for nervous irritation of the cerebrospinal nervous system.
5. Chamomile, Matricaria recutitia, is anti-inflamatory, antispasmotic, analgesic, carminative, sedative, and stomachic. It is a restorative tonic for the nervous system. Chamomile isused as a mild sedative for nervousness and nightmares and is especially nice for infants and children that are restless when attempting to sleep.
6. Oat, Avena sativa, is a slow-acting nourishing nervine. Green oat extracts have been used in breaking addictive habits with substances like morphine, opium, alcohol, nicotine, and coffee. It is also used for insomnia, nervousness, and an irritated nervous system from exhaustion or stress.
7. Schisandra, Schisandra chinensis, is a hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, adaptogen, and cholagogue. It increases brain efficiency, work capacity, and builds strength. It is used in this formula for its multi-system support. It is useful in insomnia, night sweats, prolonged diarrhea, and immunodeficient states.
8. Lavender essential oil, Lavandula officinalis, is a spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, and carminative. It is used for nervous excitement, exhaustion, and insomnia.
9. Orange essential oil, Citrus aurantium, has an aroma that is relaxing and uplifting. The aroma is taken into the body by the olfactory nerve and affects the limbic system of the brain.
I hope that these tips help you out. Also do bear i n mind that counseling with a formal psychologist for both the child and the parents is always helpful when dealing with ADHD. It will also be helpful for the parents to meet regularly with the school teachers and advisors to discuss the progress or lack of it with the treament they are getting.
Please watch the following video on ADHD:
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6. Get answers about why treating with medicine might not be your first option.
7. Learn about a group of physicians in Florida that are treating ADHD with a novel combination of amino acids claiming to resolve >70% of all cases and how to contact them.
